Introduction: The Horror of a Civilized Barbarism

The Shoah stands as a traumatic rupture in modern history, an event whose methodical, industrialized, and bureaucratic nature defies conventional explanation. It was not a spontaneous outburst of pre-modern barbarism but a calculated project of civilized barbarism, one that weaponized the very tools of law, science, and administration in the service of mass extermination.1 This horrifying paradox demands a mode of analysis capable of probing the psychic structures that made such an atrocity conceivable and executable.2

This analysis posits that the Shoah was the catastrophic culmination of a specific collective psychic structure—the totalitarian psyche—organized as a defense against the anxieties of modernity and the traumatic void at the heart of being.2 Using the psychoanalytic frameworks of Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva, and Sigmund Freud, this paper will argue that the Nazi project was a multi-faceted psychic operation: a flight into a grandiose social Imaginary, a radical perversion of the Symbolic order, and a relentless pursuit of obscene enjoyment, or jouissance, through the violent annihilation of its “abject” other—the Jew—who had come to represent the unbearable traumatic Real that the totalitarian ego could not endure.4

The methodology employed herein moves beyond an analysis of individual psychopathologies to examine the collective, unconscious phantasies and socio-symbolic dynamics that animated National Socialism.2 The analysis will proceed in four parts. Part I will establish the theoretical foundations by defining the core psychoanalytic concepts necessary for the investigation. Part II will construct a detailed architecture of the Nazi totalitarian psyche, exploring its reliance on an Imaginary of racial purity, its perverse relationship with the Law, and the occult matrix that provided its mythological content. Part III will synthesize these elements to provide a psychoanalytic reading of the Shoah itself as the apex of a relentless logic of abjection, driven by the pursuit of jouissance and animated by a powerful Oedipal phantasy. Finally, a conclusion will reflect on the Shoah as a traumatic eruption of the Real that reveals a dark potentiality within the structures of civilization itself.

---

Part I: Theoretical Foundations – The Void and the Abject

To comprehend the psychic dynamics that underpinned the Shoah, it is first necessary to establish the psychoanalytic toolkit that can illuminate them. The theories of Jacques Lacan and Julia Kristeva provide a precise vocabulary for analyzing the relationship between the subject, language, identity, and the terrifying forces that threaten them.8

1.1 The Lacanian Architecture of the Psyche

Jacques Lacan’s tripartite model of the Imaginary, the Symbolic, and the Real offers a map of the human psyche.9 These three orders are intricately knotted, and their interplay defines subjective experience.

The Imaginary is the realm of the ego, of images, mirrors, fantasies, and identification.9 Inaugurated in the “mirror stage,” it is driven by a narcissistic craving for specular images that can confirm the ego’s illusory sense of completeness.10 The Nazi project was a frantic effort to construct a perfect social Imaginary—a seamless, pure Volksgemeinschaft (people’s community).2 This “totalitarian will to closure” was made visible in its monumental architecture, such as the planned Germania, which modeled Berlin on Rome to project an image of timeless, complete power.12

The Symbolic is the realm of language, law, and social structure, termed by Lacan the “Name-of-the-Father”.9 It is the pre-existing order of signifiers that structures reality but is built upon a fundamental absence or void.5 This void is the engine of desire, and the Symbolic order, through the Law, introduces the concept of castration: the recognition that the subject is not whole.10 The Nazi regime did not abandon the Symbolic but radically perverted it, turning law, science, and language into instruments of death.5

The Real is the unspeakable, traumatic, formless void that exists beyond symbolization.9 It is not reality as we experience it, but raw, unmediated existence that resists meaning. An encounter with the Real is profoundly traumatic, capable of shattering the ego’s Imaginary coherence.10 The revelation at Sinai, as interpreted in “The Void, The Law, and The Terror,” serves as an example of a terrifying encounter with the Real—a formless, overwhelming divine voice that produced an unbearable jouissance.5 The Real is the ultimate trauma against which the Imaginary and Symbolic orders are constructed as defenses.5

1.2 Kristeva’s Theory of Abjection

Julia Kristeva’s theory of abjection provides a crucial link between the psyche and social processes of exclusion.8 The abject is that which violently disturbs identity, system, and order; it does not respect borders, positions, or rules.11 It is not an object opposed to the “I,” but what has been expelled from within the subject in the process of forming a “clean” identity.5 The abject is experienced with horror because it reminds the subject of the precariousness of the borders that constitute the self.8 The corpse is the “utmost of abjection” because it is “death infecting life,” confronting the subject with the raw Real of their own mortality.5

This logic extends to the social realm. Societies construct their identities by demonizing and expelling a contaminating “other”.15 The Nazi propaganda machine was a masterclass in this rhetoric, demonizing Jews as “parasites,” “plague-bearing rats,” and a “cancerous disease”.16 This is a concrete example of social abjection, moving the “Jewish question” from political debate to the realm of hygiene, where a contaminant can only be excised.5

1.3 The Jew as Psychoanalytic Figure: Embodying the Void

Applying this framework to Jewish thought reveals the Jew not merely as a historical victim but as a crucial psychoanalytic figure.5 The Jewish tradition is structured as a bulwark against the Imaginary, with its aniconic tradition and abstract, unnamable God directly opposing the Imaginary’s craving for visible objects of identification.5 The consonantal script of Biblical Hebrew and the all-encompassing Symbolic “fence” of Halacha (Jewish law) insist that meaning resides not in the image but in the abstract law that governs it.5

This structure is designed to contain the Real. The Temple in Jerusalem, with its series of symbolic boundaries leading to an empty center—the Holy of Holies—architecturally represents the void or lack ($\-\Phi$) [See Appendix below] that organizes the entire system.5 The Ark within this void held the fragments of the first tablets from Sinai (the Real) alongside the second, Symbolic set of laws, demonstrating a system where the Law is explicitly built to manage the trauma of the Real.5

This makes the Jew the abject of the West. For a civilization built on the Imaginary, like ancient Rome or Nazi Germany, the Jewish system is indigestible because it constantly reminds the Other of the fundamental lack at the center of their own systems.5 Antisemitism, therefore, is not just bigotry; it is a profound, existential terror—the “violent, primal horror of an ego confronting the Real it has desperately tried to cover up with its idols, its flags, and its ‘whole’ sense of self”.5

---

Part II: The Architecture of the Totalitarian Psyche

The totalitarian psyche is a distinct and terrifyingly coherent psychic structure that mobilizes the deepest anxieties of the subject in the service of absolute power.2 It is characterized by its flight into a social Imaginary, its perverse relationship with the Law, and its fixation on an Other from whom it seeks to extract an obscene enjoyment.4

2.1 The Nazi Imaginary and Its Occult Matrix

At its core, the Nazi project was an attempt to construct a perfect social Imaginary—a seamless, pure, and eternal national body, the Volksgemeinschaft, free from all internal division and lack.2 This fantasy was a powerful defense against the anxieties of modernity. Hitler consciously claimed the title “Heir to Rome,” a civilization of the Imaginary, modeling his planned architecture for Germania on Roman precedents to project an image of timeless power.12 This Imaginary can only be sustained through the absolute logic of exclusion articulated by Carl Schmitt: the distinction between friend and enemy.27

This fantasy was not built in a vacuum; it drew its power from a pre-existing milieu of occultism and racial mysticism. A significant source was Theosophy, developed by Helena Blavatsky, whose cosmology of seven “root races” provided a spiritual framework for racial supremacy. Blavatsky posited humanity was in its Fifth Root Race, the “Aryan Race,” and while theoretically cosmopolitan, her work was embedded in 19th-century racial hierarchies, labeling some groups “inferior races” in whom the “sacred spark” was missing.

In the fertile ground of German nationalism, Theosophy was transformed into Ariosophy (“wisdom of the Aryans”) by figures like Guido von List and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels. They combined Theosophy with Germanic paganism to create a myth of Aryan divinity, casting “god-men” in a cosmic struggle against “animal-men” (Tiermenschen), prototypically the Jews. This racialized occultism provided a powerful fantasy—a perfect engineered Imaginary binary—that plastered over the fundamental lack in the Symbolic order by creating a myth of divine origin and projecting all anxiety onto a designated enemy.5

These ideas filtered into secret societies like the Munich-based Thule Society, a critical nexus of occultism and militant antisemitism. The Thule Society sponsored the German Workers’ Party (DAP), which Hitler transformed into the NSDAP. Through ideologues like Alfred Rosenberg and mentors like Dietrich Eckart, these occult ideas were institutionalized, framing Hitler as a “German Messiah” in a holy war against “soulless Jewishness”. This esoteric influence found its most powerful patron in Heinrich Himmler, who established the Ahnenerbe (“Ancestral Heritage”) institute to provide “scientific” proof for Nazi racial theories, sponsoring everything from runic research to horrific medical experiments.

2.2 The Perverse Symbolic: A Weaponized Civilization

The unique horror of the Shoah lies in its methodology: it was not chaos but a calculated, highly organized project.5 This reveals the central psychoanalytic structure of the regime: not a psychotic shattering of the Symbolic order, but its radical perversion.5 The Symbolic order, which introduces limits via the “Name-of-the-Father,” was not broken but meticulously inverted to serve the death drive.5

The Nuremberg Laws are the paradigm of this perverse Symbolic.29 Normal law mediates desire; Nazi law became a direct, obscene command from a tyrannical superego: “Exclude! Exterminate!”.19 The law became the very instrument commanding limitless transgression.5 This perversion extended to all pillars of civilization: science became eugenics, medicine became torture, and language became a tool of dehumanization.1

This constitutes a perverse structure, where the subject disavows the Law’s mediating function and positions himself as the instrument of the Other’s will-to-enjoy.3 The Führer did not represent the Symbolic Law that structures desire around a lack; he embodied a sadistic agency that commands, “You must transgress!”.19 The loyal Nazi identified completely with this will, bypassing personal guilt and allowing for the perpetration of atrocities with bureaucratic detachment, the terrifying “banality of evil”.5

---

Part III: The Shoah – Abjection, Jouissance, and the Oedipal Drama

The architecture of the totalitarian psyche found its ultimate and most horrific expression in the Shoah. The genocide was the culmination of this psychic logic, a systematic and industrialized process of societal abjection on an unprecedented scale.1

3.1 From Scapegoating to Extermination: The Inexorable Logic of Abjection

The path from antisemitic prejudice to the gas chambers follows the inexorable logic of abjection.1 Once the Jew was identified as the abject—the source of all contamination—the stage was set for escalating violence. The Final Solution as Ultimate Expulsion was the literalization of the abjecting metaphor, a violent attempt to physically annihilate the abject figure to secure the fantasy of a “clean” Aryan identity.1 This process was built upon a two-millennia-long foundation of Christian anti-Judaism, which had already established the Jew as a powerful negative archetype in the Western psyche.37 While Nazi antisemitism was ultimately racial, it readily exploited deep-seated cultural narratives of the Jew as the deicidal “Christ-killer,” a diabolical and materialistic other, creating a cultural readiness to accept the Jew as an expellable figure.39

3.2 The Pursuit of Obscene Jouissance

The Nazi persecution of the Jew cannot be adequately explained by political expediency or even hatred. Its excessive and non-utilitarian cruelty points to a deeper, psychic motive: the perverse attempt to locate and extract a fantasized, obscene enjoyment—jouissance—from the body of the Jew.44 The project was fundamentally beyond instrumental reason; the historical fact that deportation trains were often given priority over military transports demonstrates that the extermination was an end in itself, dictated by a psychic phantasy.44

The core of this phantasy was the belief that the Jew possessed a secret, sublime substance, a kernel of horrifying enjoyment. In Lacanian terms, the Jew was made to embody the objet petit a—”what is in a jew more than a jew”.44 The occult narrative of a parasitic race that had stolen the divinity of the Aryans provided the specific story that rationalized this non-instrumental cruelty.5 The camp as a perverse apparatus was therefore designed not merely to kill, but to force the Jew to reveal and surrender this fantasmatic substance.44 The systematic rituals of humiliation—the shaving of hair, the tattooing of numbers, the reduction to “bare life”—were a perverse attempt to force the victim to “spit out” the objet a.44 The extermination itself was the final act in this drama, a “sacrifice to a dark god” intended to make this non-existent object of jouissance appear.47

3.3 The Oedipal Theater of the Third Reich

The abstract logic of abjection was animated by a powerful and deeply resonant Oedipal drama. The consistent narrative content of the Nazi phantasy cast Germany as the pure, innocent, and violated “mother,” while the Jew was cast in the role of the sadistic, sexually aggressive, and castrating Oedipal “father”.48 Hitler’s writings are replete with this imagery, speaking of Germany’s “wound” being poked by the Jewish press—a phantasy of the mother’s violation by the father’s sadistic sexual penetration.48 Goebbels’ infamous statement, “If somebody hits your mother in the face with a whip… he is a beast. How many worse things has the Jew done to our mother Germany,” explicitly frames the Jew in this role.48

By projecting this internal conflict onto the political stage, the regime could frame its aggression as a righteous defense of the beloved motherland.48 The destruction of the Jew thus becomes an act of symbolic castration. The threatening Oedipal father, normally internalized as conscience, is projected outward onto the figure of the Jew, allowing the threat to be confronted and destroyed directly.48 The Nazi revolution was, at its fantasmatic core, a revolt against the father, a promise that “heads will roll” in the name of avenging the mother.48

---

Table 1: Mapping Psychoanalytic Concepts to Nazi Ideology and Practice

Psychoanalytic Concept	Brief Definition	Manifestation in Nazi Ideology	Manifestation in Nazi Practice
The Imaginary	Realm of the ego, images, and fantasies of wholeness.[5, 9, 10]	The myth of the pure, whole, and eternal Aryan Volksgemeinschaft; the deification of the Führer as a specular ideal.	Nuremberg Rallies; Leni Riefenstahl’s films; monumental architecture 12; the cult of personality around Hitler.
The Symbolic (Perverted)	The order of law, language, and culture [5, 9, 10], inverted to serve the death drive.	The creation of a legalistic framework for exclusion and extermination; the corruption of scientific and medical language.1	The Nuremberg Laws [29, 30]; bureaucratic administration of the “Final Solution”; use of euphemisms like “special treatment.”
The Real	The traumatic, unsymbolizable void that resists meaning.[5, 9, 10]	The Jew as the embodiment of this void, representing abstract law, internationalism, and critical thought that threatens the Nazi Imaginary.	The Shoah as a frantic, impossible attempt to physically annihilate the source of this psychic terror.
The Abject (Kristeva)	That which is violently expelled from the self to create a “clean” identity.5	Propaganda depicting Jews as a “cancer,” “parasites,” and a source of contamination threatening the purity of the Aryan body.16	Ghettoization; social segregation; Kristallnacht; the systematic, industrialized process of extermination.
Jouissance	An excessive, traumatic, painful enjoyment beyond the pleasure principle.[4, 5, 7]	The phantasy of the Jew possessing a secret, obscene life-substance (objet a).	The ritualistic, non-instrumental cruelty of the camps, designed to degrade and extract this fantasmatic substance from the victim.44
Oedipal Phantasy	Unconscious drama of desire and rivalry with parental figures.48	The narrative of Germany as the pure, violated “mother” and the Jew as the sadistic, castrating, sexually aggressive “father”.48	The justification of violence as a “defensive” act to protect the motherland; the promise that “heads will roll” as symbolic castration.48

---

Conclusion: The Unassimilable Real of the Holocaust

The Shoah cannot be relegated to the past as a mere historical event. From a psychoanalytic perspective, it must be understood as a traumatic eruption of the Real into history, an event that defied and ultimately shattered the Symbolic and Imaginary frameworks of Western civilization. It stands as a testament to the horrifying endpoint of a logic of abjection when powered by the engine of a perverse totalitarian psyche and equipped with the modern tools of the state. The attempt to create a perfect Imaginary (a pure Reich without lack), fueled by a mythological vocabulary drawn from a racialized occultism, by systematically annihilating the abject (the Jew who embodied that lack) resulted not in wholeness, but in the production of an absolute, unassimilable horror.

The Holocaust remains an “unthinkable” event, not because of a lack of historical data, but because it confronts us with the void at the heart of civilization itself.23 It reveals the latent and terrifying potential for the very structures designed to foster life—law, science, bureaucracy, language—to be inverted and transformed into a meticulously efficient machine for death. The enduring trauma is not that civilization failed, but the chilling revelation that its most sophisticated tools can be hollowed out and weaponized to serve the death drive.5 It is a traumatic kernel that resists final symbolization, an event whose meaning can never be fully exhausted. The Shoah continues to haunt the modern psyche as a permanent and brutal reminder of the destructive power of the death drive when it successfully captures the mechanisms of the state and mobilizes the unconscious phantasies of a people. To analyze its motives is not to explain it away, but to confront the disquieting truth that the psychic structures that enabled it remain a dark potentiality within the human condition.

---

Appendix

The Mathemes of Jacques Lacan

What is a Matheme?

Jacques Lacan, a French psychoanalyst, coined the term matheme to describe a way of writing down psychoanalytic concepts in a clear, and structured form.

• The word combines “math” (from mathematics) and “theme” (an idea).

• Lacan wanted psychoanalysis to have the same kind of rigour and precision as mathematics, where formulas can be passed on without distortion.

In other words, a matheme is a formula that condenses complex psychoanalytic ideas into a symbolic shorthand.

Why Did Lacan Create Mathemes?

Psychoanalysis deals with very abstract concepts like desire, fantasy, the unconscious, and subjectivity.Lacan worried that if these ideas were only explained in words, they could become vague, poetic, or misinterpreted over time.

• Goal of Mathemes: To transmit psychoanalysis with minimal loss of meaning, almost like equations in math or physics.

• Benefit: Anyone familiar with the “code” could read and understand Lacan’s theory, regardless of cultural or linguistic differences.

Examples of Lacanian Mathemes

1. Fantasy ($◊a)

This matheme means “the subject ($) in relation to the object a (objet petit a).”

It shows that fantasy is not just imagination, but a structured relation between ourselves and the object that causes desire.

2. The Four Discourses

Lacan even mapped out how society talks and relates.

• Master’s Discourse: authority rules, knowledge obeys

• University Discourse: knowledge rules, students obey

• Hysteric’s Discourse: the subject rebels, questions authority

• Analyst’s Discourse: the analyst listens, letting desire speak

Each one is a formula with the same four symbols – S1, S2, $, and a – just rearranged. It’s like shuffling cards: same deck, different outcome.

3. Language and the Unconscious

S/sTranslation: The signifier (words) never perfectly match the signified (meaning).

• Example: The word “love” means one thing to you, another to me, and something else entirely to Shakespeare. The gap is the unconscious.

4. How to Read Mathemes in Simple Terms

• $ = the subject (always divided, never whole)

• a = objet petit a (the little object that sparks desire)

• S1 = master signifier (a central word or authority)

• S2 = knowledge (the chain of signifiers, the system)

By combining these, Lacan built a shorthand for describing how people relate to language, desire, and others.

Final Words

Mathemes are Lacan’s secret code for human desire. At first, they look strange – like alien equations – but they unlock the most hidden truths about how we speak, love, and dream.Once you learn to read them, you realise Lacan wasn’t just being cryptic. He was giving us the closest thing to a mathematics of the soul.

---

Comprehensive Bibliography

Primary Works

• Arendt, H. (1951). The Origins of Totalitarianism. Harcourt. 50
• Arendt, H. (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. Faber & Faber.
• Blavatsky, H. P. (1888). The Secret Doctrine. Theosophical Publishing House.
• Eckart, D. (1924). Der Bolschewismus von Moses bis Lenin: Zwiegespräch zwischen Adolf Hitler und mir. Hoheneichen-Verlag.
• Freud, S. (1921). Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. International Psychoanalytical Press. 51
• Freud, S. (1923). The Ego and the Id. Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag. 51
• Freud, S. (1930). Civilization and Its Discontents. Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag. 23
• Hitler, A. (1925). Mein Kampf. Franz Eher Nachfolger.
• Kristeva, J. (1980). Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection. (L. S. Roudiez, Trans.). Columbia University Press.
• Lacan, J. (1966). Écrits. Éditions du Seuil.
• Lanz von Liebenfels, J. (1905-1918). Ostara. 52
• List, G. von. (1908). Das Geheimnis der Runen. Guido-von-List-Gesellschaft. 54
• Rosenberg, A. (1930). Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts. Hoheneichen-Verlag.
• Schmitt, C. (1927). The Concept of the Political. Duncker & Humblot.

Secondary Sources and Documents

• Arad, Y. (n.d.). Ahnenerbe. Yad Vashem.
• Bergen, D. L. (2025, January 7). The Nuremberg Race Laws. The National WWII Museum. 29
• Dempsey, O. (2020, October 6). The Totalitarian psyche: avoid over-using the term fascism. My Own Private Medicine. 3
• ffytche, M., & Pick, D. (Eds.). (2016). Psychoanalysis in the Age of Totalitarianism. Routledge.
• Goodrick-Clarke, N. (1985). The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology. Aquarian Press.
• Heilbronner, O. (n.d.). From Antisemitic Peripheries to Antisemitic Centres: The Case of Nazi Germany. History in Focus. 42
• Holocaust Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Alfred Rosenberg: Biography. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
• Holocaust Encyclopedia. (n.d.). The German Churches and the Nazi State. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 37
• Kahn, L. (2022). What Nazism Did to Psychoanalysis. Routledge. 56
• Koenigsberg, R. A. (n.d.). Culture and Unconscious Phantasy: Observations on Nazi Germany. Library of Social Science. 48
• Kurlander, E. (2021, July 29). Witches, werewolves and vampires: the Nazi’s quest for the supernatural. HistoryExtra.
• Lavoie, D. (2018). Theosophical Chronology in the Writings of Guido von List (1848-1919): A Link Between H.P. Blavatsky’s Philosophy and the Nazi Movement. Aries, 18(1).
• Luhrssen, D. (2012). Hammer of the Gods: The Thule Society and the Birth of Nazism. Potomac Books. 57
• Nagl, M. (1976). SF, Occult Sciences, and Nazi Myths. Science Fiction Studies, 3(1).
• Pentony, S. (1996). Approaching the Abject. Deep South, 2(3). 8
• Pick, D. (2012). The Pursuit of the Nazi Mind: Hitler, Hess, and the Analysts. Oxford University Press. 58
• Rickels, L. A. (2002). Nazi Psychoanalysis. University of Minnesota Press. 2
• Scobie, A. (1990). Hitler’s State Architecture: The Impact of Classical Antiquity. Pennsylvania State University Press. 12
• Steinberg, P. (2014, March/April). The Trial of Hannah Arendt. Humanities, 35(2).
• Strube, J. (2015). Nazism and the Occult. In C. Partridge & H. Bogdan (Eds.), The Occult World. Routledge.
• The Void, The Law, and The Terror: A Psychoanalytic Key to Jewish Thought. (n.d.). 5
• Varshizky, A. (2014). Alfred Rosenberg: The Nazi Weltanschauung as Modern Gnosis. Politics, Religion & Ideology, 15(2).
• Zaretsky, E. (2018). Sacrifice to a dark God: Lacan on nazism. Medium.
• Zimmerman, J. D. (2018). Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. Religions, 9(1). 39

Digital Archives and Encyclopedic Resources

• Ahnenerbe Documents Digital Collection. (n.d.). Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. 59
• Ahnenerbe: Documents (1942). (n.d.). Digital Public Library of America. 60
• Antisemitism in History: Nazi Antisemitism. (n.d.). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 61
• Ariosophy. (n.d.). Wikipedia.
• Dietrich Eckart. (n.d.). Wikipedia. 62
• Guido von List. (n.d.). Wikipedia. 54
• Nuremberg Laws. (1935, September 15). U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers. 63
• Root race. (n.d.). Wikipedia.
• Thule Society. (n.d.). Wikipedia. 65

Works cited

1. An Examination of the … – Seeking the Principles of Power and Danger, accessed on October 30, 2025, http://dostoevskiansmiles.blogspot.com/2019/09/an-examination-of-violence-of-abjection.html
2. View of Apocalyptic Totalitarianism: The Totalitarian Psyche and Nazi Psychoanalysis | CTheory, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/ctheory/article/view/14875/5770
3. The Totalitarian psyche: avoid over-using the term fascism – “My …, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://myownprivatemedicine.com/2020/10/06/avoid-the-term-fascism/
4. The Political Unconscious of Hannah Arendt: An Encounter with Psychoanalysis, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://scholarworks.wm.edu/items/93608c18-5232-472f-9788-81ca96f775dd
5. The Real-Imaginary the containment and provocation of Terror.pdf
6. “Revolution in Religious Language”: The Relevance of Julia Kristeva’s Theory of ‘Signifiance’ for Theology – Digital Commons @ DU, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://digitalcommons.du.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2270\&context=etd
7. “The Political Unconscious of Hannah Arendt: An Encounter with Psychoan” by Judson R. Peverall – W\&M ScholarWorks, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/587/
8. “Kristeva’s Theory of Abjection” by Samantha Pentony – University of Otago, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.otago.ac.nz/deepsouth/vol2no3/pentony.html
9. Explain in simple terms? Lacan’s Imaginary, Symbolic and Real : r/askphilosophy – Reddit, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/31p3xx/explain_in_simple_terms_lacans_imaginary_symbolic/
10. The Imaginary and Symbolic of Jacques Lacan – DOCS@RWU, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044\&context=saahp_fp
11. Abjection – Wikipedia, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjection
12. We Cannot Forget: The Pattern of Antisemitism throughout History …, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://libraries.uta.edu/news/we-cannot-forget-pattern-antisemitism-throughout-history
13. Nazi architecture – Wikipedia, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_architecture
14. Did the nazis admire the Roman empire? : r/AskHistorians – Reddit, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/16eh4e/did_the_nazis_admire_the_roman_empire/
15. Julia Kristeva – Wikipedia, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva
16. Collective Psychological Processes in Anti-Semitism | Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://jcpa.org/article/collective-psychological-processes-in-anti-semitism/
17. Dehumanization and mass violence: A study of mental state language in Nazi propaganda (1927–1945) | PLOS One – Research journals, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0274957
18. Dehumanization and mass violence: A study of mental state language in Nazi propaganda (1927–1945) – PubMed Central, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9645591/
19. Conference Report: Psychoanalysis in the Age of Totalitarianism …, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/jewish-history/conference-report-psychoanalysis-in-the-age-of-totalitarianism/
20. Group Psychology in the Totalitarian System: A Psychoanalytic View Olga Marlinova – Erich Fromm, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://fromm-online.org/wp-content/uploads/secondary-titles/Marlinova_O_1992.pdf
21. Matt ffytche and Daniel Pick (eds), Psychoanalysis in the Age of Totalitarianism, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/full/10.3366/pah.2018.0264
22. Psychoanalysis in the Age of Totalitarianism – 1st Edition – Matt ffyt – Routledge, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.routledge.com/Psychoanalysis-in-the-Age-of-Totalitarianism/ffytche-Pick/p/book/9781138793897
23. The Psychoanalytical Method and the Disaster of Totalitarianism: Borderline States as the Psychical Equivalent of the Discontent in Civilization? | Critical Inquiry: Vol 40, No 2, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/674115
24. Psychoanalysis in the Age of Totalitarianism – IsisCB Explore, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://data.isiscb.org/p/isis/citation/CBB433114040/
25. Psychoanalysis in the Age of Totalitarianism, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781317643180_A26861244/preview-9781317643180_A26861244.pdf
26. Psychoanalysis in the Age of Totalitarianism by Matt Ffytche – Karnac Books, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.karnacbooks.com/ProductAuthors.asp?PID=38506
27. Carl Schmitt (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), accessed on October 30, 2025, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schmitt/
28. The Concept of the Political – Wikipedia, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political
29. The Nuremberg Race Laws | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/nuremberg-laws
30. 27 Psychoanalysis and the Nazis¹ – Oxford Academic, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://academic.oup.com/book/34827/chapter/297747099/chapter-pdf/40112332/acprof-9780199211395-chapter-27.pdf
31. The Dictatorship of Reason | Cairn.info, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://shs.cairn.info/journal-revue-francaise-de-psychanalyse-2016-1-page-54?lang=en
32. (PDF) Regime change and the superego – ResearchGate, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254335268_Regime_change_and_the_superego
33. Perversion II: The Perverse Structure – Irish Journal for Lacanian Psychoanalysis, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.theletter.ie/post/perversion-ii-the-perverse-structure
34. Lacanian Perverse Structure and Disavowal Mechanism – Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://cab.unime.it/journals/index.php/MJCP/article/viewFile/2283/pdf
35. en.wikipedia.org, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eichmann_in_Jerusalem#:~:text=Theme,-Arendt%20during%20the\&text=Arendt’s%20subtitle%20famously%20introduced%20the,simply%20%22doing%20his%20job.%22
36. The Trial of Hannah Arendt | National Endowment for the Humanities, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2014/marchapril/feature/the-trial-hannah-arendt
37. The German Churches and the Nazi State | Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-german-churches-and-the-nazi-state
38. The Great Scandal: Christianity’s Role in the Rise of the Nazis – Part I – Concordat Watch, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.concordatwatch.eu/showdoc.php?org_id=843\&doc_id=4421
39. Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust – MDPI, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/9/1/26
40. Antisemitism in Europe – Wikipedia, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe
41. The Nazi War against Christianity | Christian Research Institute, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.equip.org/articles/nazi-war-christianity/
42. German or Nazi Antisemitism? – IHR Web Archives, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://archives.history.ac.uk/history-in-focus/Holocaust/stone.pdf
43. Nazism and Religion – Oxford Research Encyclopedias, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://oxfordre.com/religion/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-680?p=emailA6Ic6nKSkqEKc\&d=/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-680
44. Sacrifice to a dark God: Lacan on nazism | by Psychotic’s guide to …, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://medium.com/@akineo/sacrifice-to-a-dark-god-lacan-on-nazism-c328b34e3a73
45. Browse | Read – Rethinking Desire: The Objet Petit a in Lacanian Theory – PEP-Web, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://pep-web.org/browse/document/APA.053.0083A
46. Objet petit a – Wikipedia, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objet_petit_a
47. Third Reich, Science and Psychoanalysis – Lacanian Works Exchange, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://lacanianworksexchange.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/20220202-Third-Reich-Science-and-Psychoanalysis-by-Yaron-Gilat-LRO-327.pdf
48. Culture and Unconscious Phantasy: Observations on Nazi Germany, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.libraryofsocialscience.com/ideologies/resources/koenigsberg-culture-and-unconscious/
49. Psychoanalysis | Elie Wiesel Center for Jewish Studies – Boston University, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.bu.edu/jewishstudies/psychoanalysis/
50. Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://iep.utm.edu/hannah-arendt/
51. Sigmund Freud bibliography – Wikipedia, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_bibliography
52. Lanz von Liebenfels, Jörg – Brill Reference Works, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/DGWO/DGWE-201.xml
53. List of books by author Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.thriftbooks.com/a/jrg-lanz-von-liebenfels/3272406/
54. Guido von List – Wikipedia, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_von_List
55. Books by Guido von List – ThriftBooks, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://www.thriftbooks.com/a/guido-von-list/526808/
56. What Nazism Did to Psychoanalysis, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781000630299_A43141004/preview-9781000630299_A43141004.pdf
57. Hammer of the gods : the Thule Society and the birth of Nazism – Air University, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://aul.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=01AUL_INST%3AAUL\&docid=alma995117023406836\&context=L
58. ‘IN PURSUIT OF THE NAZI MIND?’ THE DEPLOYMENT OF PSYCHOANALYSIS IN THE ALLIED STRUGGLE AGAINST GERMANY – PMC – PubMed Central, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3748372/
59. Ahnenerbe: Documents From Nazi Germany, 1936-1945 – Ursinus Digital Commons, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/ahnenerbe/
60. Ahnenerbe: Documents (1942) | DPLA – Digital Public Library of America, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://dp.la/item/0da776720b46859e85849c154ee8395c
61. Antisemitism in History: Nazi Antisemitism – Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism-in-history-nazi-antisemitism
62. Dietrich Eckart – Wikipedia, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart
63. Reich Citizens Law of – Historical Documents – Office of the Historian, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1935v02/d305
64. Nuremberg Laws – Regulations.gov, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://downloads.regulations.gov/DOJ-OAG-2020-0003-0207/attachment_12.pdf
65. Thule Society – Wikipedia, accessed on October 30, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thule_Society